A technique chart should include which of the following information

Paralytic ileus D. A compensating filter is used to A. High-kilovoltage exposure factors are usually required for radiographic examinations using 1. If mA, 10 ms, and 90 kV were used for a particular exposure using three-phase, pulse equipment, which of the following exposure changes would be most appropriate for use on single-phase equipment to produce a similar image? Use mA B. Use 20 mAs C. Use 70 kV D. Use 0. Underexposure of a radiograph can be caused by all the following except insufficient A.

Kilovoltage D. If 85 kV and 20 mAs were used for a particular abdominal exposure with single-phase equipment, what mAs would be required to produce a similar radiograph with 3-phase, pulse equipment.

If 82 kVp, mA, and 0. Which of the following affect s both the quantity and the quality of the primary beam? Methods that help to reduce the production of scattered radiation include using compression beam restriction a grid A. If a duration of 0. Which of the following is are classified as rare earth phosphors? Lanthanum oxybromide Gadolinium oxysulfide Cesium iodide A. In comparison with 60 kV, 80 kV will permit greater exposure latitude produce more scattered radiation produce shorter-scale contrast A.

A satisfactory radiograph was made without a grid using a in. SID and 8 mAs. If the distance is changed to 40 in. Which of the following examinations might require the use of 70 kV?

AP abdomen Chest radiograph Barium-filled stomach A. Recorded detail is directly related to SID. Several types of exposure timers may be found on x-ray equipment. Which of the following types of timers functions to accurately duplicate radiographic densities? Synchronous B.

Impulse C. Electronic D. When involuntary motion must be considered, the exposure time may be cut in half if the kilovoltage is A. Greater latitude is available to the radiographer in which of the following circumstances? A positive contrast agent absorbs x-ray photons results in a dark area on the radiograph is composed of elements having low atomic number A. Which of the following quantities of filtration is most likely to be used in mammography?

An exposure was made of a part using mA and 0. An additional radiograph is requested using a speed system to reduce motion unsharpness. Using mA, all other factors remaining constant, what should be the new exposure time? Because of the anode heel effect, the intensity of the x-ray beam is greatest along the A. Which of the following groups of exposure factors will produce the longest scale of contrast?

In which of the following examinations should 70 kV not be exceeded? Barium enema BE C. Intravenous urogram IVU D. The squeegee assembly in an automatic processor functions to remove excess solution from films is located near the crossover rollers helps establish the film's rate of travel A. How is source-to-image distance SID related to exposure rate and radiographic density? If mA has been selected for a particular exposure, what exposure time should be selected to produce 18 mAs?

The direction of electron travel in the x-ray tube is A. Exposure factors of 90 kV and 3 mAs are used for a particular nongrid exposure. What should be the new milliampere-seconds mAs value if a grid is added?

The attenuation of x-ray photons is not influenced by pathology effective atomic number photon quantity A. The functions of automatic beam limitation devices include reducing the production of scattered radiation increasing the absorption of scattered radiation changing the quality of the x-ray beam A.

An anteroposterior AP radiograph of the femur was made using mA, 0. SID, 1. With all other factors remaining constant, which of the following exposure times would be required to maintain radiographic density at a in. SID using mA? If 85 kVp, mA, and? Factor s that can be used to regulate radiographic density is are 1. Which of the following groups of exposure factors would be most appropriate for a sthenic adult IVU?

The use of which of the following is are essential in magnification radiography? High-ratio grid Fractional focal spot Direct exposure technique A.

Which of the following are methods of limiting the production of scattered radiation? Using moderate ratio grids Using the prone position for abdominal examinations Restricting the field size to the smallest practical size A. In a PA projection of the chest being used for cardiac evaluation, the heart measures If the magnification factor is known to be 1. Which of the following can affect histogram appearance?

Centering accuracy Positioning accuracy Processing algorithm accuracy A. In digital imaging, as the size of the image matrix increases, FOV increases pixel size decreases spatial resolution increases A. Which combination of exposure factors will most likely contribute to producing the longest-scale contrast? Group AB. Group BC. Group CD. Group D. A satisfactory radiograph of the abdomen was made at a in.

SID using mA, ms exposure, and 80 kV. If the distance is changed to 42 in. A particular radiograph was produced using 12 mAs and 85 kV with a ratio grid. The radiograph is to be repeated using an ratio grid. What should be the new milliampere-seconds value? When the collimated field must extend past the edge of the body, allowing primary radiation to strike the tabletop, as in a lateral lumbar spine radiograph, what may be done to prevent excessive radiographic density owing to undercutting?

Reduce the milliampere-seconds. Reduce the kilovoltage. Use a shorter SID. Use lead rubber to absorb tabletop primary radiation. A lateral radiograph of the cervical spine was made at 40 in. If it is desired to increase the distance to 72 in. Which of the following focal-spot sizes should be employed for magnification radiography?

An AP radiograph of the femur was made using mA, 0. With all other factors remaining constant, which of the following exposure times would be required to maintain radiographic density using 87 kV, a speed film—screen system, and the addition of a grid? Which of the following is performed to check the correctness of the developing parameters? Densitometry B. A thorough cleaning of rollers C. A warm-up procedure D. An increase in kilovoltage with appropriate compensation of milliampere-seconds will result in increased exposure latitude.

Which of the following groups of exposure factors would be most effective in eliminating prominent pulmonary vascular markings in the RAO position of the sternum?

Grid ratio Number of lead strips per inch Amount of scatter transmitted through the grid A. Which one of the following is are used to control the production of scattered radiation? Collimators Optimal kV Use of grids A. Types of shape distortion include magnification elongation foreshortening A. If mA has been selected for a particular exposure, what exposure time would be required to produce 6 mAs? Central ray angulation may be required for magnification of anatomic structures foreshortening or self-superimposition superimposition of overlying structures A.

An automatic exposure control AEC device can operate on which of the following principles? A photomultiplier tube charged by a fluorescent screen A parallel-plate ionization chamber charged by x-ray photons Motion of magnetic fields inducing current in a conductor A.

Exposure factors of kVp and 12 mAs are used with an grid for a particular exposure. What should be the new mAs if a grid is substituted? Which of the following statements is are true regarding Figure 7—10? Figure 7— Excessive kilovoltage was used.

High contrast is demonstrated. Insufficient penetration is evident. Radiographic contrast is a result of differential tissue absorption emulsion characteristics proper regulation of milliampere-seconds A. Practice s that enable the radiographer to reduce the exposure time required for a particular image include use of a higher milliamperage use of a higher kilovoltage use of a faster film—screen combination A.

Decreasing field size from 14 x 17 into 8 x 10 inches will A. Which of the following may be used to reduce the effect of scattered radiation on a finished radiograph? Grids Collimators Compression bands A. Cassette-front material can be made of which of the following? Carbon fiber Magnesium Lead A. A technique chart should include which of the following information?

If 40 mAs and a speed screen—film system were used for a particular exposure, what new milliampere-seconds value would be required to produce the same density if the screen—film system were changed to speed? The exposure factors of mA, 17 ms, and 82 kV produce a milliampere-seconds value of A. The advantage s of high-kilovoltage chest radiography is are that exposure latitude is increased it produces long-scale contrast it reduces patient dose A. The term latitude describes an emulsion's ability to record a range of densities the degree of error tolerated with given exposure factors the conversion efficiency of a given intensifying screen A.

Of the following groups of exposure factors, which will produce the shortest scale of radiographic contrast? What type of x-ray imaging uses an area beam and a photostimulable phosphor as the IR?

Traditional radiography B. Computed radiography C. Digital radiography D. A technique chart should be prepared for each AEC x-ray unit and should contain which of the following information for each type of examination?

Photocell s used Optimum kilovoltage Backup time A. X-ray photon beam attenuation is influenced by 1. A satisfactory radiograph of the abdomen was made at a inch SID using mA, 0. If the distance is changed to 38 inches, what new exposure time would be required? Better resolution is obtained with A.

In radiography of a large abdomen, which of the following is are effective way s to minimize the amount of scattered radiation reaching the image receptor IR? Use of close collimation Use of low mAs Use of a low-ratio grid A. With all other factors constant, as digital image matrix size increases, 1. Compression of the breast during mammographic imaging improves the technical quality of the image because geometric blurring is decreased less scattered radiation is produced patient motion is reduced A.

An exposure was made using 8 mAs and 60 kV. If the kilovoltage was changed to 70 to obtain longer-scale contrast, what new milliampere-seconds value is required to maintain density? Which of the following devices is used to overcome severe variation in patient anatomy or tissue density, providing more uniform radiographic density?

Compensating filter B. Grid C. Collimator D. Intensifying screen. Which of the following is likely to contribute to the radiographic contrast present on the finished radiograph? Atomic number of tissues radiographed Any pathologic processes Degree of muscle development A. The effect described as differential absorption is responsible for radiographic contrast a result of attenuating characteristics of tissue minimized by the use of a high peak kilovoltage A.

A decrease from to mA will result in a decrease in which of the following? Wavelength Exposure rate Beam intensity A. The steeper the straight-line portion of a characteristic curve for a particular film, the slower is the film speed higher is the film contrast greater is the exposure latitude A.

Speed C. Latitude D. Kiloelectronvolts keV. A satisfactory radiograph was made without a grid, using a inch SID and 8 mAs. If the distance is changed to 40 inches and an ratio grid is added, what should be the new mAs?

Which of the following chemicals is used in the production of radiographic film emulsion? Sodium sulfite B. Potassium bromide C. Silver halide D. Chrome alum. An increase in the kilovoltage applied to the x-ray tube increases the percentage of high-energy photons produced. What is the single most important factor controlling size distortion? Tube, part, IR alignment B. IR dimensions C. Combinations of milliamperage and exposure time that produce a particular milliampere-seconds value will produce identical radiographic density.

This statement is an expression of the A. D log E curve. An increase in the kilovoltage applied to the x-ray tube increases the x-ray wavelength exposure rate patient absorption A. The major function of filtration is to reduce A.

Which of the following methods can be used effectively to decrease differential absorption, providing a longer scale of contrast in the diagnostic range? Using high peak kilovoltage and low milliampere-seconds factors Using compensating filtration Using factors that increase the photoelectric effect A.

Which of the following could be used to improve recorded detail? Smaller focal-spot size 3. Correct photocell selection A. Which of the following is most likely to occur as a result of using a in. SID with a 14 x 17 in. IR to radiograph a fairly homogeneous structure? Production of quantum mottle B. Density variation between opposite ends of the IR C.

Production of scatter radiation fog D. Excessively short-scale contrast. Which of the following combinations will result in the most scattered radiation reaching the image receptor? Using more mAs and compressing the part B. Using more mAs and a higher ratio grid C. Using fewer mAs and more kVp D. Using more mAs and less kVp. Which of the following is most likely to produce a high-quality image? Small image matrix B.

High signal-to-noise ratio SNR C. Large pixel size D. Low resolution. Distortion can be caused by tube angle the position of the organ or structure within the body the radiographic positioning of the part A.

Which of the following is most likely to result from the introduction of a grid to a particular radiographic examination? Increased patient dose and increased contrast B. Decreased patient dose and decreased contrast C. Increased patient dose and decreased contrast D. Decreased patient dose and increased contrast. In general, five screen variable kVp technique charts based on species and anatomy are recommended for a small-animal veterinary practice:.

Several methods are used in veterinary practice to formulate a technique chart; they vary slightly, but all are effective. The method presented here is different from others because of a few shortcuts that the technologist may find helpful. The principles of technique chart formulation can be applied to any species and anatomic area. The method presented here applies to x-ray machines that have variable kVp and exposure time settings.

To create a workable technique chart, a series of trial exposures must be made using a cooperative, average-sized patient. Theoretically, by exposing one radiograph, all five suggested technique charts can be formulated. Equipment needed for this procedure should be gathered before proceeding.

A mature dog with average conformation neither obese nor emaciated and weighing approximately 50 pounds is an ideal patient for this procedure. Use medium-speed x-ray film because of its versatility in veterinary practice. To formulate a variable kVp technique chart, a test radiograph is made of the canine abdomen in lateral recumbency. The measurement is in the range of 11 to 16 cm, and the exposure factors are based on the screen type and grid ratio used.

Remember, any measurement exceeding 10 cm necessitates the use of a grid to reduce fog-producing scatter radiation. For an SID of 40 inches, the following information applies:. An mAs chart is shown in Table The following base mAs requirements for the intensifying screens are merely starting points for the radiographer. Each radiographic system may require slightly different exposures.

A technique chart is a listing of the various radiographic examinations performed in the facility. It provides exposure factors for each body part according to its thickness.

Table is an example of a portion of a manual exposure technique chart. N OTE : Measure at level of anterior superior iliac spine. Use gonad shielding. X-ray machines that use automatic exposure control AEC or anatomically programmed radiography APR systems must also have a technique chart. The chart should indicate all the items that a manual technique chart does except the exposure time which is automatic.

The AEC chart will also have to indicate which of the three detectors to use for each projection. Most of these charts will have a combination of both AEC and manual techniques Table Note that both manual and AEC techniques are shown.

Some limited operators become so familiar with the operation of their equipment over time that they tend to memorize or estimate exposures and do not feel the need for a technique chart. This practice may result in outdated or unavailable charts and may cause unnecessary exposure errors. Radiation control regulations may require posting of a current technique chart and may also specify the information to be included. In Oregon, for example, regulations require that technique charts include a notation that gonad shielding is required for specific examinations.

The Joint Commission, the official organization that accredits hospitals and clinics, establishes standards for institutions that receive Medicare payments, and these standards include requirements for x-ray technique charts in radiography departments.

Limited operators must be aware of requirements for technique charts and ensure that their charts conform to the regulatory standards. Technique charts are unique to each x-ray machine and each facility. The x-ray machine manufacturer cannot supply a definitive chart with the machine because the exposures will vary considerably depending on the types of grids, tabletops, and SID. When a new chart is necessary, there are several possible sources.

Some of the major x-ray vendors will supply computer-generated charts for their customers. The local technical representative of your x-ray supply company may come to your department on request and do some testing to obtain the necessary data. These data are submitted to the company, and the chart is sent to your facility. In some communities, experienced radiologic technologists will prepare a technique chart for a fee. This option is often advantageous because the chart can be made specifically for your facility and equipment, using only settings available on your control panel.

Exposures may be provided for any procedures unique to your facility. Such a chart is also more likely to conform to local radiation control regulations. A chart that needs to be changed because all of the exposures are too light or too dark can probably be modified easily.

When the chart is consistent throughout—that is, all of the exposures are too light or too dark to about the same degree—it is a simple matter of increasing or decreasing all of the exposure times by a specific percentage to correct the radiographic density for all exposures. If your existing chart is not consistent, the use of a consistent chart borrowed from another facility with the identical equipment or from Appendix D may provide a starting point.

An exposure technique chart should be prepared with a calibrated x-ray machine and the specific type of image receptor IR used. After this, a technique chart that is not working will require checking the calibration of the x-ray machine, the digital processor system, or both. Sometimes the problem is an x-ray operator who is not following the techniques posted on the chart.

Technically, a well-prepared exposure technique chart should never be changed. Also a chart should not be changed because of temporary changes in the calibration of the x-ray machine.

Before a chart that has been working well is changed, all potential factors that could affect the techniques should be evaluated.